Difference between revisions of "Commodore Amiga"

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(→‎Common features of Amiga keyboards: A couple of minor changes)
m ("Amiga CDTV" => "CDTV". It didn't actually carry any Amiga branding, despite being one)
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The [[Commodore]] '''Amiga''' was a computer series once revered for being mightly ahead of its time and lastly a bitter evidence of how the best technical merits can't survive the most incompetent management ever seen in the computing industry.
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The Commodore '''Amiga''' is a computing platform, introduced by [[Commodore International|Commodore]] in 1985 after it had purchased ''Amiga Inc''.
  
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==Quick story of the best home computer ever made==
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The classic Amiga used the Motorola MC680x0 family of processors and a custom chip set which gave it good graphics and sound capabilities (for the time) at a low cost. Its proprietary operating system had a windowing system and was one of the first for home computers to have preemptive multitasking. It was considered before its time when it arrived but much behind when Commodore folded in 1994.
  
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Amiga was the first ''multimedia'' home computer, coupling a Motorola 16/32-bit MC680x0 CPU with a custom chipset that provided astounding graphics and sound capabilities for its time. In a world populated by paltry EGA-class graphics and a beeper running DOS, the Amiga 1000 arrived in 1985<ref>The New York Times - [http://www.nytimes.com/1985/07/30/science/peripherals-commodore-introduces-new-amiga.html Commodore introduces new Amiga - July, 1985]</ref><ref>Youtube - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ibJZXA_hZTU World premiere of Amiga]</ref><ref>The Washington Post - [http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1985-07-24/business/8502170976_1_color-graphics-and-sound-amiga-computer-commodore-international Amiga seems great - But will it be enough?]</ref> to amaze the unexpecting crowds with 32-colour screens (from a mindboggling 4096-colour palette), 4 channels of 8-bit sound and a window based pre-emptive OS that could properly multitask with 256kB of RAM. Other revised models would follow, namely the Amiga 2000<ref> The New York Times - [http://www.nytimes.com/1987/02/24/science/peripherals-introducing-amiga.html Commodore introducing Amiga (500 & 2000) - February, 1987]</ref> and its derivatives, the Amiga 1500 and 2500<ref>Youtube - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V_zuSrjRMWk Amiga 2500 introduced at Computer Chronicles]</ref>. However, it wouldn't be until the release of the Amiga 500<ref>The New York Times - [http://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/01/science/peripherals-a-look-at-amiga-500.html A look at Amiga 500]</ref><ref>The New York Times - [http://www.nytimes.com/1985/07/30/science/peripherals-commodore-introduces-new-amiga.html Commodore introduces new Amiga - July, 1985]</ref> that Commodore would get its act together and give the product the advertising campaign it deserved, finally reaching a much larger audience and occupying a deserved place on the radar. Owing to its superior technical capabilities and more affordable price, the Amiga 500 soon became a dream games machine<ref>The Washinton Post - [http://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1988/07/11/commodore-amiga-500-and-2000-fulfill-original-machines-promise/80bcca06-f54e-40a6-b537-000fbe81c7f7/ Commodore Amiga 500 and 2000 fulfill original machine's promise - July, 1988]</ref> , with all major games companies and their dog writing titles for the new cashcow and contributing to the Amiga 500 turning into the next best-selling computer for CBM right after the hugely successful [[Commodore 64]] in the 8-bit era.
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The platform still has a small but very dedicated user community which has produced different expansions, emulators and follow-up systems.
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This is an input device wiki, so the focus of this article is on Amiga keyboards and mice.
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Other Amiga models were designed and marketed for the professional market, namely the Amiga 3000<ref>Youtube - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6hQwGzMX2WQ The Amiga 3000 at Computer Chronicles]</ref> and Amiga 4000<ref>Philly.com - [http://articles.philly.com/1992-09-18/business/26024193_1_commodore-s-amiga-ibms-creative-strategies-international Carving a new notch in a computer niche Commodore is going after specialty markets with its Amiga 4000]</ref>, capitalizing on the inherent abilities in the Amiga Operating System and hardware to interface with video hardware. In the USA, the Amiga 2000 first, and the Amiga 4000 later would take a preminent place among broadcasting stations and video aficionados alike thanks to the Video Toaster<ref>medium.com - [https://medium.com/people-gadgets/the-gadget-we-miss-the-video-toaster-93509e978549 The gadget we miss: the Video Toaster]</ref><ref>Startup Smart - [http://www.startupsmart.com.au/technology/the-amiga-video-toaster-why-superior-technology-doesnt-always-win-the-day/2013072210272.html The Amiga Video Toaster - Why superior technology doesn't always win the day]</ref>, a piece of kit that combined custom hardware and software with an Amiga computer to produce all kind of video tricks for a fraction of the pricetag<ref>Chicago Tribune - [http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1993-06-04/business/9306040005_1_desktop-video-video-effects-ibm-compatible-pcs Video Toaster may be greatest thing since sliced bread]</ref> that any comparable competing solution could offer at the time. Unfortunately, the days of glory for Commodore and its enthused user base were coming to an end.
 
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The ''Commodore CDTV''<ref>tidbits.com - [http://tidbits.com/article/3515 Commodore CDTV]</ref>, an Amiga 500 in disguise built in a desktop CD player form factor was released in 1991 and targetted as an educative tool but didn't take long to become a flop as fans were waiting for a device offering the same capability as a expansion for their Amiga 500, which they did get in the end. A revised Amiga 500+<ref>CASE Computer Museum - [http://computermuseum.wiwi.hu-berlin.de/cat.php?id=desk06&type=Desktops The Commodore Amiga 500+]</ref> came about with an updated OS in ROM and later the Amiga 600<ref>UK National Media Museum - [http://www.nationalmediamuseum.org.uk/collection/newmedia/internethomecomputing/collectionitem.aspx?id=2008-5082 Commodore Amiga 600 games console]</ref> arrived to replace it in a down-sized form factor without numeric keyboard, but none made a relevant impact on the market either. Finally, Commodore released the Amiga 1200 in the 1992 edition of the Comdex show<ref>TechInsider.org - [http://tech-insider.org/amiga/research/1992/1117.html Original announcement on Usenet from CATS]</ref> as a "natural" replacement for the Amiga 500 as the new entry-level Amiga in the mass-market segment introducing the more advanced ''AGA'' or ''AA'' chipset<ref>retrocommodore.eu - [http://www.retro-commodore.eu/files/hwmanuals/computers/Commodore_AGA_Supplement_(en,de,fr,it,es,nl,da,no,se,pt).pdf AGA Supplement from Commodore]</ref> also built in the Amiga 4000, which provided up to 256 colours at once on screen from a 24 bit palette, or even more using special hardware tricks. This and the Amiga CD32<ref>The Washington Post - [http://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1993/10/18/commodores-entertaining-cd-player/c484e7a9-21f2-4ccb-9ebe-13c4a1813483/ Commodore's entertaining CD player]</ref><ref>Chicago Tribune - [http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1994-04-08/entertainment/9404080093_1_new-game-system-atari-jaguar-cd32 Amiga CD32 may survivor hardware wars]</ref>, the first 32-bit CD-based console, were the last chapters of a story where one could only be amazed at how "too little, too late"<ref>Amiga Report - [http://www.amigareport.com/ar210/p1-3.html Is AAA already obsolete?]</ref> Commodore had come along since the heyday of the Amiga 500.
 
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Contrary to the time the Amiga 1000 was introduced, the AGA chipset and the MC68020/030/040 CPUs in the most recent hardware were released at a time when (Super-)VGA and i486 or better were becoming ubiquitous on the IBM-PC market. With a dwindling market share, Wintel boxes looking better and better as games machines and on top of that a couple of shareholders that decided that sleeping on the success of the Amiga was a good idea<ref>Commodore.ca - [http://www.commodore.ca/commodore-history/mehdi-ali-the-end-of-commodore/ Mehdi Ali - The end of Commodore]</ref>, it is hardly surprising that despite the remarkable merits of the Amiga OS (the only asset still going for the Amiga when compared to similar offerings at the time) or the enthusiasm of a community loyal at almost religious levels still hoping for the release of new ''AAA'' (a new chipset codenamed Hombre<ref>thule.no - [http://www.thule.no/haynie/ The Dave Haynie archives]</ref>) based machines, CBM finally filed for bankruptcy in 1994<ref>Byte Magazine - [http://web.archive.org/web/20070407132023/http://www.byte.com/art/9408/sec14/art1.htm R.I.P. Commodore 1954-1994]</ref><ref>Philly.com - [http://articles.philly.com/1994-05-08/business/25829860_1_commodore-officials-irving-gould-services-and-computer-bulletin The decline and fall of Commodore Intl. It was a failure of marketing, not technology]</ref>.
 
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==The post-Commodore era==
 
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Much fight and double-crossing, but also admirable action have taken place since the demise of Commodore. A number of companies acquired the assets and trademarks to make a quick buck, sometimes openly promising the user base to lead them back to ''the promised land'', only to go bust or just disappear without trace, one after another<ref>sites.google.com - [https://sites.google.com/site/amigadocuments/ Amiga documents]</ref>. The lack of a solid, durable and clear leadership soon resulted in several community splits, with all bands considering theirs was the better way. People formed organizations pursuing to recover from the disaster, and key people in the formerly thriving Amiga market went ahead to try and continue where Commodore left even in the underground scene. The Internet played, and still plays a key role on this new stage. But that, dear reader, is another story...
 
  
 
==Common features of Amiga keyboards==
 
==Common features of Amiga keyboards==
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* What makes the Amiga keyboard layout stand out the most are the two [[Amiga key|Amiga keys]] at each end of the [[space bar]].
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* What makes the Amiga keyboard layout stand out the most are the two '''''[[Amiga key|A]]'''''[[Amiga key|miga key]]s at each end of the [[space bar]]. The right is used for command shortcuts and the left for the windowing-system.
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* ANSI Amiga keyboards have a backwards-L ("Big-Ass") [[Return key|''Return'' key]] and a small ''Back Space'' key, whereas ISO keyboards have not only one additional letter/symbol key but two: one next to left ''Shift'' and one next to a vertical ''Return'' key. The Amiga-ISO layout also has a small ''Back Space'' key.
 
  
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* The layout has both a ''Ctrl'' key and a ''Caps Lock'' key to the left of 'A' on the home row. Unlike Windows the (only) ''Ctrl'' key is seldom used in GUI based programs and is used mainly in terminal emulators, the command console and ''Micro Emacs'' which shipped with the OS.
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* ANSI Amiga keyboards have a backwards-L ("Big-Ass") [[Return key|Return key]] where as ISO keyboards have a vertical Return key. Compared to PC keyboards, ISO has not one but two additional keys: one next to left Shift and one next to a vertical Return key. All variations have a small [[Backspace key]].
  
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* All Amiga keyboards have a ''Caps Lock'' key with a LED in it to indicate Caps mode. This is the only LED used, so a dedicated LED panel is not necessary.  
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* The layout has both a [[Control key|Ctrl key]] and a [[Caps Lock]] key to the left of 'A' on the home row. Unlike the PC the (only) Ctrl key is seldom used in GUI based programs and is used mainly in terminal emulators, the command console and ''Micro Emacs'' which was included.
  
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* To the right of the main typing area are cursor keys. Above them are the ''Del'' and ''Help'' keys.
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* The [[Caps Lock]] key has a LED in it to indicate Caps mode. This is the only keyboard LED. On computers with LEDs in the top/right corner or on the right near the keyboard, those LEDs are actually for power and FDD and (on Amiga 600 and 1200) HDD activity, and are on separate circuits.
  
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* There are two ''Alt'' keys, both functioning as second-level ''Shift'' (like the ''Alt Gr'' key on PC, or the ''Option'' key on Macintosh), on the bottom left and bottom right corners of the main typing area.
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* There are Cursor keys, with [[Delete key|Del]] and [[Help key|Help]] keys above them. Shift+''cursor'' is used to move the cursor to beginning of line, end of line, page up and page down, so special navigation keys for those tasks are not needed. Text selection using the keyboard is typically modal, initiated with the key combination ''Amiga''-B and ended with ''Amiga''-X (Cut) or ''Amiga''-C (Copy).
  
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* ''Shift''-''arrow'' are used to move the cursor to beginning of line, end of line, page up and page down, so special navigation keys for these tasks are not needed.
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* There are two [[Alt key|Alt]] keys, both functioning as second-level ''Shift'' (like the [[Alt Gr key|Alt Gr]] key on PC, or the [[Option key|Option]] key on Macintosh), on the bottom left and bottom right corners of the main typing area.
  
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* Above the main typing area, there is an ''Esc'' key and ten function keys.
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* [[Escape key|Esc]] key and ten [[function key]]s.
  
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* All Amiga keyboards except the one in the Amiga 600 have also a numeric keypad. Starting with the Amiga 2000, the numpad also has '+', '*', '/', as well as left and right parenthesis. The added keys, different layout and side printed legends make it more compatible with the layout in the common [[IBM Enhanced  Keyboard]], which was relevant for PC emulation.
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* All Amiga keyboards except the one in the [[Commodore Amiga 600|Amiga 600]] have a [[numeric keypad]]. Starting with the [[Commodore Amiga 2000|Amiga 2000]], the numpad also has '''+''', '''*''', '''/''', as well as left and right brackets. The added keys, different layout and side printed legends make it more compatible with the layout in the common [[IBM Enhanced  Keyboard]], which was relevant for PC emulation.
  
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== Commodore Amiga keyboards ==
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* Only [[Commodore Amiga 2000#Cherry_versions|Cherry-made Amiga 2000 keyboards]] have diodes for [[N-key rollover]]. The others have the same [http://amigadev.elowar.com/read/ADCD_2.1/Hardware_Manual_guide/node017A.html keyboard matrix, published in the ''Amiga Hardware Reference Manual''] so that software developers would be able to design around [[Rollover,_blocking_and_ghosting#Blocking|blocking key]] combinations.<ref name="elowaradcd_limitations">AmigaOS 3.5 Developer Docs — Amiga Hardware Reference Manual: Interface hardware: The Keyboard:
 +
[http://amigadev.elowar.com/read/ADCD_2.1/Hardware_Manual_guide/node019E.html Limitations of the Keyboard]. Retrieved 2018-04-18.</ref> (The seven modifier keys are outside the matrix, each with a dedicated line).
  
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In chronological order:
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== External Amiga keyboards ==
 +
Most external Amiga keyboards have been found with tactile switches.
 +
The exceptions are the [[Commodore Amiga_2000#Cherry versions|Cherry-made versions]] that instead have linear [[Cherry MX Black]].
  
 
===Amiga 1000===
 
===Amiga 1000===
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There is a storage area for the keyboard under the Amiga 1000's case where it could be stored when not in use.
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{{Main|Commodore Amiga 1000}}
  
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The keyboard layouts were more compact than later full-sized Amiga keyboards.
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This keyboard is more compact than later models and it fits in a dedicated storage area under the desktop computer's case. The cursor keys are in a star configuration instead of an inverse-T as on later models.
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The cursor keys were in a star instead of an inverse-T.
 
  
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Three variations have been spotted:
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===Amiga 2000===
 +
{{main|Commodore Amiga 2000}}
  
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1. [[Mitsumi miniature mechanical]]. The switches are known to be quite fragile, and could break if a keycap is removed. There are nibs on the 'D' and 'K' keys. This type is more common.{{citation needed}}
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Three variants have been identified:
 +
# With Cherry MX Black
 +
# With tactile NMB switches
 +
# With tactile [[Mitsumi KPQ Type|KPQ]] type [[Mitsumi hybrid switch]]es.
  
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2. [[Mitsumi standard mechanical]]<ref>geekhack — [http://geekhack.org/index.php?topic=19761.30 Amiga 2000 Cherry Keyboard]</ref>
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=== Amiga 1500, Amiga 2500 ===
 +
Late variations of the Amiga 2000.
  
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3. [[Cherry G80-0777]], manufactured by Cherry in West Germany.
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=== Amiga 3000 (T) ===
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Cherry MX switches. Double-shot Cherry key caps with scooped 'F' and 'J' keys.
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{{main|Commodore Amiga 3000}}
 +
External. Linear [[Mitsumi KPR Type|KPR]] no sleeves, spring only or Tactile [[Mitsumi KPQ Type|KPQ]] type [[Mitsumi hybrid switch]]es with rubber sleeves under the keycaps.
 +
The keyboard case had been updated with stripes on top reminding of the cooling vents on the Amiga 500.
  
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Red A symbol on the left Amiga key. Outlined A symbol on the right Amiga key.
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The connector is the same DIN-plug as for the [[#Amiga 2000|Amiga 2000]].
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Amiga keys are 1.25 [[unit]]s wide and Alt keys are 1.5 units wide.
 
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Del, Num Lock and Caps Lock in a row on the numeric keypad.
 
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Esc and Help in a column above the cursor keys.
 
  
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There have also been unconfirmed reports of an early type of Amiga 1000 keyboards with [[:Category:Alps switches|Alps switches]].
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=== CDTV ===
 +
{{Main|Commodore CDTV}}
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Basically a black version of the Amiga 3000 keyboard, but with a mini-DIN connector using a custom pinout.
  
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The connector is 4P4C, specific to the Amiga 1000.
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=== Amiga 4000 (T) ===
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The pins are 1:+5V, 2:Clock, 3:Data, 4:Ground.
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Similar to the Amiga 3000 keyboard. The case is white (not beige) and has (yet) another connector.
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<ref>[http://www.hardwarebook.info/Amiga_1000_Keyboard Amiga 1000 Keyboard - HwB] on Hardware Book.info. Retrieved 2013-10-13</ref>
 
  
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===Amiga 2000===
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The connector is a 6-pin mini-DIN with pin-out: 1:Data, 3:Ground, 4:+5V, 5:Clock. Pins 2 and 6 are not connected.<ref name="pinouts"/>
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The Amiga 2000 is perhaps the Amiga model that has had the most revisions.
 
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Different revisions have had three different types of external keyboards.
 
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1. [[File:Amiga 2000 US.JPG|thumb|right|[[Cherry G80-0904]] with Cherry MX switches and double-shot keycaps]] Early models have the [[Cherry G80-0904]] with [[Cherry MX Black]] switches and [[Double-shot molding|double-shot]] ABS keys. It can be easily spotted because unlike other Amiga keyboards, there are gaps between the ''Amiga'' keys and the space bar. The function keys are also only one unit wide.
 
  
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2. [[NMB Hi-Tek]] linear "space invader" switches, around 55 cN and short key travel.
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=== Amiga CD32 ===
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The ''Amiga'' keys are black.
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Anthracite case and keys with black modifiers, plus the "Amiga CD32" logo.<ref>Amiga.org &mdash; [http://www.amiga.org/forums/showpost.php?p=576540&postcount=14 Is there a genuine CD32 keyboard?]</ref>
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There is a rivet that can be seen in the gap in-between the ''Del'' and ''Help'' keys.
 
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On some NMB keyboards, the left ''Amiga'' key has a Commodore logo on it instead of an italicized ''A''.
 
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Some keyboards have switches with yellow sliders, others white.
 
  
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3. [[Mitsumi hybrid switch]]es. Tactile with rubber sleeves and blue sliders.
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The connector is the same 6-pin mini-DIN as for the Amiga 4000, except that the keyboard port also doubles as a serial port. Pins 2 and 6 are used for RS-232 transmit and receive, respectively.<ref name="pinouts"/>
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The keys were made from ABS and yellowed more easily than the earlier Cherry keys.
 
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Mitsumi keyboards can be told apart from NMB keyboards by the decimal point on the numpad not being aligned with the 0 key symbol's baseline, but being higher up.
 
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The connector is a 5-pin DIN plug. The pins are 1:Clock, 2:Data, 4:Ground, 5:+5V. Pin 3 in not used.
 
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<ref name="pinouts">[http://l8r.net/technical/t-keyboard.shtml Amiga Keyboard Pinouts] on l84.net. Retrieved on 2013-10-13</ref>
 
  
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There have been reports that very early Amiga 2000s would have had a different connector.
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== Integrated Amiga keyboards ==
 +
These are inside the computer's case above the logic-board.
 +
Where as most external Amiga keyboards have tactile feel, most integrated Amiga keyboards have linear feel.
  
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=== Amiga 1500, Amiga 2500 ===
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[[Commodore Amiga 500|Amiga 500]] keyboards have Power and FDD activity LEDs on a circuit board together with the keyboard controller in the keyboard assembly.
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Late models of the Amiga 2000. Mitsumi keyboards.
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Inside the Amiga 600 and 1200, the controller is instead on the main logic-board and Power, FDD and HD activity LEDs are on a separate board.
  
 
=== Amiga 500 (+) ===
 
=== Amiga 500 (+) ===
 +
{{Main|Commodore Amiga 500}}
 
[[File:A500-full-keyboard.jpg|thumb|250px|Early Amiga 500 keyboard]]
 
[[File:A500-full-keyboard.jpg|thumb|250px|Early Amiga 500 keyboard]]
  
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The keyboard is built into the computer case, but the controller is on the keyboard.
+
Like the Amiga 2000, the Amiga 500 has also come in multiple revisions.
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Like the Amiga 2000, the Amiga 500 has also come in different revisions.
 
  
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[[Early Amiga 500 keyboards|Early models]] have [[NMB Hi-Tek]] "Space Invader" switches like the Amiga 2000 keyboard.<ref>Amibay — [http://www.amibay.com/showthread.php?46689-Help-Key-and-white-quot-space-invaders-quot-switch Help Key and white "space invaders" switch]</ref>
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[[Early Amiga 500 keyboards|Early models]] have [[Hi-Tek Series 725]] "Space Invader" switches like the Amiga 2000 keyboard.<ref>Amibay — [http://www.amibay.com/showthread.php?46689-Help-Key-and-white-quot-space-invaders-quot-switch Help Key and white "space invaders" switch]</ref>
  
−
Most Amiga 500s have [[Mitsumi hybrid switch]]es. Unlike the Amiga 2000, these are linear with a coiled spring and a black slider with a somewhat mushy landing.
+
Most Amiga 500s have linear [[Mitsumi KPR Type|KPR]] type [[Mitsumi hybrid switch]]es with coiled springs under the keycaps.
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−
=== Amiga 3000 (T) ===
 
−
External. Tactile [[Mitsumi hybrid switch]]es with a rubber sleeve like the latest Amiga 2000 keyboard but a more distinct landing like the Amiga 1200 keyboard.
 
−
The keyboard case had been updated with stripes on top resembling the cooling vents on the Amiga 500.
 
−
 
 
−
The connector is the same DIN-plug as for the [[#Amiga 2000]]
 
−
 
 
−
=== Amiga CDTV ===
 
−
Basically a black version of the Amiga 3000 keyboard.
 
−
The connector is special for the CDTV: a 5-pin mini-DIN with pinouts: 1:Ground, 2:Data, 3:Clock, 4:+5V, 5:Keyboard sense (connect to +5V).<ref name="pinouts"/>
 
  
 
=== Amiga 1200 ===
 
=== Amiga 1200 ===
−
Built-in keyboard with controller on the motherboard.
+
{{Main|Commodore Amiga 1200}}
−
Linear [[Mitsumi hybrid switch]]es with white sliders and a less mushy landing than on previous keyboards.
+
Linear [[Mitsumi KPR Type|KPR]] type [[Mitsumi hybrid switch]]es with coiled springs under the keycaps. The membrane extends as a ribbon cable to a connector on the main logic board where the controller is located.
  
 
=== Amiga 600 ===
 
=== Amiga 600 ===
−
Built-in keyboard with controller on the motherboard.
+
More compact layout that omitted the numeric keypad. The cursor keys and the '''Help''' and '''Del''' keys have moved left and the '''Esc''' key is 1.25 units wide.
−
Linear [[Mitsumi hybrid switch]]es like the Amiga 1200.<ref>Eski Bilgisayarlarım — [http://bilgisayarlarim.com/Amiga/600/ Amiga 600]</ref>
 
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−
More compact layout that omitted the numeric keypad. The other keys on the right are laid out as on the Amiga 1000, except for cursor keys who are now laid out in an inverse T at the bottom right corner.
 
  
−
=== Amiga 4000 (T) ===
+
The Amiga 600 is believed to have mostly linear [[Mitsumi hybrid switch]]es<ref>Eski Bilgisayarlarım — [http://bilgisayarlarim.com/Amiga/600/ Amiga 600]</ref> as is common with most Amiga keyboards though at last one sample has been found using what appears to be a variant of [[NMB dome with slider]], this time with the discrete domes not glued to the membrane sheet.<ref>ExRetro.com &mdash; [http://www.exretro.com/galleries/commodore/amiga/Keyboards/A600/index.html Disassembly of an A600 keyboard, UK model]</ref>
−
Similar to the Amiga 3000 keyboard.
 
−
The case is white (not beige) and has (yet) another connector.
 
  
−
There have been reports of two different keyboards, with different feel.
+
== Replacement keyboards ==
 +
=== New-old-Stock ===
 +
New-old-stock replacement [[Commodore Amiga 1200|Amiga 1200]] keyboards have been available from e.g. [http://amigakit.amiga.store/index.php AmigaKit].
  
−
The connector is a 6-pin mini-DIN with pin-out: 1:Data, 3:Ground, 4:+5V, 5:Clock. Pins 2 and 6 are not connected.
+
=== A1200.net ===
−
<ref name="pinouts"/>
+
Aftermarket keycaps and cases for the [[Commodore Amiga 500]] and [[Commodore Amiga 1200|1200]] cases have been made by [https://www.a1200.net/ A1200.NET] and offered primarily in crowdfunding campaigns. Cases have been improved to better suit aftermarket mods. Both cases and keycaps have been offered in several other colour options than the original, including black with white letters.
  
−
=== Amiga CD32 ===
+
=== Kipper2K ===
−
Anthracite case and keys with black modifiers, plus the "Amiga CD32" logo.
+
The '''Kipper2K''' from [http://amigaonthelake.com/ Amiga On The Lake] is a replacement keyboard kit with [[Cherry MX Brown]] switches.
 +
Prototypes shown have lacked [[stabiliser]]s for the longer keys, instead using additional switches for the Space Bar.
 +
There are different versions for [http://amigaonthelake.com/new-a500-replacement-keyboard-with-full-set-of-amiga-keycaps Amiga 500]] and a [[http://amigaonthelake.com/new-a1200-replacement-keyboard-with-full-set-of-amiga-keycaps/ Amiga 1200]].
  
−
The connector is the same 6-pin mini-DIN as for the Amiga 4000, except that the keyboard port also doubles as a serial port. Pins 2 and 6 are used for RS-232 transmit and receive, respectively.<ref name="pinouts"/>
+
== Conversion kits ==
 +
It was not unusual to convert an [[Commodore Amiga 500|Amiga 500]] into a desktop or tower form factor with external keyboard. The keyboard had a serial cable to header pins on the motherboard making this possible. Several kits were made and sold for this purpose.
  
−
== Other Amiga Keyboards ==
+
The ''Checkmate A1500'' was one such conversion kit sold in the UK. Commodore released the ''Amiga 1500'' to prevent the cheaper Amiga 500 with Checkmate's kit from taking sales from the Amiga 2000.
−
There were third-party kits for converting Amigas with built-in keyboards into towers.
+
In 2019, Checkmate released a follow-up: the ''Checkmate A1500 plus'', with an option for an external [https://www.checkmate1500plus.com/Products.aspx?id=354 keyboard case in sheet metal].
  
−
=== AmigaOne ===
+
The ''[http://www.bigbookofamigahardware.com/bboah/product.aspx?id=1341 Infinitiv]'' kit from Micronik, converts instead an [[Commodore Amiga 1200|Amiga 1200]] into a minitower system with an external keyboard enclosure.
−
The AmigaOne platform used PS/2 keyboards and mice.
 
  
−
=== Amiga Infinitiv Keyboard ===
+
== Other Amiga keyboards ==
−
The ''Infinitiv'' kit from Micronik allowed an Amiga 1200 to be turned into a minitower system with an external keyboard enclosure.
+
The AmigaOne platform supports common [[PS/2 interface|PS/2]] keyboards and mice.
  
−
== Keyboard adapters ==
+
== Keyboard interface ==
−
All Commodore Amiga keyboards use the same wire protocol, but there are different connectors and pinouts.
+
All Commodore Amiga keyboards use the same serial protocol, but there are different connectors and pinouts. Several third-party adaptors between different Amiga connectors have been produced.  
−
Several third-party adapters between different Amiga connectors have been produced.
+
Note that the [[Commodore CDTV]] keyboard pinout is special, and not compatible with the Amiga 4000 even though both have mini-DIN.
−
Pin-outs are described under the heading for each particular keyboard above.
 
−
Note that the CDTV keyboard's pinout is special, and not compatible with the Amiga 4000's even though both have mini-DIN.
 
  
−
The Amiga 500 has a serial cable connected to the motherboard and can be adapted or rebuilt to use an external keyboard.
+
The Amiga 500 has a serial cable connected to the motherboard and can be adapted or rebuilt to use an external keyboard. The [[Commodore Amiga 1200|Amiga 1200]] and [[Commodore Amiga 600|600]] have serial communication only between components on the motherboard so any adaptor would have to be a controller or emulate a matrix, respectively.
−
The Amiga 1200 and 600 have serial communication only between components on the motherboard, so any adapter would have to be a controller or emulate a matrix, respectively.
 
  
−
===External keyboard to Amiga===
+
==Keyboard adapters==
 +
===Other keyboard to Amiga===
 
* The [http://www.vesalia.de/e_lyra.htm Lyra] is a converter that allows a PS/2 keyboard to be connected to an Amiga. There is a version for the Amiga 1200 and a version for Amiga 2000/3000/4000/CDTV/CD32.
 
* The [http://www.vesalia.de/e_lyra.htm Lyra] is a converter that allows a PS/2 keyboard to be connected to an Amiga. There is a version for the Amiga 1200 and a version for Amiga 2000/3000/4000/CDTV/CD32.
 
* The [http://www.vesalia.de/e_pckey.htm PC-Key] is an interface device for the Amiga 1200 and 600, allowing them to use an external Amiga keyboard or a PS/2 keyboard.
 
* The [http://www.vesalia.de/e_pckey.htm PC-Key] is an interface device for the Amiga 1200 and 600, allowing them to use an external Amiga keyboard or a PS/2 keyboard.
 +
* The [http://amigakit.leamancomputing.com/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=1282 Sum] adapter enables connecting a [[USB]] HID keyboard to the [[Commodore Amiga 1200|Amiga 1200]].
  
 
===Amiga keyboards to USB===
 
===Amiga keyboards to USB===
 
The options below require more or less hacking.
 
The options below require more or less hacking.
 +
 
* The [http://www.vesalia.de/e_keyrahv2.htm Keyrah] is a controller that replaces the motherboard in the Amiga 600 and 1200 (also the Vic 20, Vic 64 and 128). It has two digital joystick ports and USB out. Joysticks are emulated as key presses.
 
* The [http://www.vesalia.de/e_keyrahv2.htm Keyrah] is a controller that replaces the motherboard in the Amiga 600 and 1200 (also the Vic 20, Vic 64 and 128). It has two digital joystick ports and USB out. Joysticks are emulated as key presses.
−
* [http://forum.arduino.cc/index.php?topic=139358.0 AMIGA 500/1000/2000 Keyboard Interface]. Firmware for an Arduino Leonardo, allowing an external Amiga keyboard to be connected via USB to a modern computor.
+
* [https://www.tindie.com/stores/tynemouthsw/ Tynemouth Software] has different adapter boards for installation into Amiga 1200/600 and 500 enclosures.
−
* [EzHID Amiga Keyboard Firmware http://ezhid.sourceforge.net/amikbd.html] for the Cypress' EZ-USB (AN2131) chip. The firmware has support for other input devices.
+
* [http://forum.arduino.cc/index.php?topic=139358.0 AMIGA 500/1000/2000 Keyboard Interface]. Firmware for an Arduino Leonardo, allowing an external Amiga keyboard to be connected via USB to a modern computer.
 +
* [http://ezhid.sourceforge.net/amikbd.html EzHID Amiga Keyboard Firmware] for the Cypress' EZ-USB (AN2131) chip. The firmware has support for other input devices.
 +
 
 +
== Controller ports ==
 +
All Amiga models came with two [[Atari_interface|Commodore 64-compatible DE-9 controller ports]].
 +
In addition to support for light pen and various game controllers, there was also
 +
dedicated hardware for a [[Bus mouse#Commodore_Amiga_and_PC|bus mouse]] in each port.
 +
 
 +
[[Image:Amiga Mouse.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Original "tank" mouse supplied with the Amiga 1000 and later the Amiga 500 and 2000]]
 +
A two-button ball mouse was included as standard with every Amiga running AmigaOS, for its graphical user interface. Amiga Unix, the Amiga 3000UX mouse and some third-party mice used a third mouse button.
 +
A second Amiga mouse is used only in some two-player games, but the second port's circuitry could also be used for rotary controllers such as steering wheels.
  
−
== Mouse ==
+
=== Mouse usage ===
−
All Amiga models came with a two-button ball mouse to be plugged into the first of two male DE-9 ports. Those two ports were also used for [[Atari interface|Atari-compatible]] joysticks and other peripherals.
+
If the right mouse button is pressed a menu bar appears at the top of the screen. A menu item is selected by releasing the right button when hovering the pointer above it. Releasing the mouse button elsewhere cancels.
  
−
If the right button is pressed a menu bar appears at the top of the screen. A menu item is selected by releasing the right button when hovering the pointer above it. Releasing the mouse button elsewhere cancels.
 
 
Third-party utilities were available that replaced (or complimented) the menu bar with a pop-up menu underneath the mouse pointer.
 
Third-party utilities were available that replaced (or complimented) the menu bar with a pop-up menu underneath the mouse pointer.
  
−
A Amiga mouse can contain minimal logic - each sensor inside the mouse gets one or more direct wires inside the mouse cable, with +5 V and Ground shared between components.
+
After having booted into AmigaOS, it supported [[mouse keys]] as combinations with the two [[Amiga key]]s.
−
The same 9-pin D-sub ports can also used be for Atari-compatible digital joysticks, analogue paddles and light pens, but there is no identification protocol.
+
 
−
An Amiga mouse does not work on the Atari ST, but building a passive adapter is straightforward: lines have to be crossed. Some third-party mice contain a switch to change between Amiga and Atari usage.
+
Aftermarket mice in the late '90s added a scroll wheel and up to three more buttons.
 +
 
 +
=== Mouse models ===
 +
* "Tank mouse" (Amiga 1000, 2000, 500). version 1: 1352. Similar to 1350 and 1351 for the Commodore 64 but being a [[bus mouse]] delivering pulse trains directly on the port.
 +
* Tank mouse version 2: 313254-01
 +
* Amiga 3000 "pregnant" mouse. Ridge at edges between buttons.. <ref name="zimmers3000">Zimmers.net—[http://www.zimmers.net/cbmpics/jmice4.html Commodore/Amiga A3000 "Pregnant" Mice]. Retrieved 2018-07-13</ref>
 +
* Amiga 3000 UX mouse. This has three buttons for use with Amiga Unix.<ref name="zimmers3000"/>
 +
* Wireless infrared CDTV mouse. "CD 1252".<ref name="zimmersCDTV">Zimmers.net—[http://www.zimmers.net/cbmpics/jmice5.html Commodore 1252 & 1253 Mice]. Retrieved 2018-07-13</ref>
 +
* Wired CDTV mouse, 1253. Apparently inspired by the [[Microsoft mouse (3rd gen)|1987 Microsoft mouse]]: the ball has moved forward and the buttons are larger.<ref name="zimmersCDTV"/>
 +
* Amiga 600/1200/4000 mouse. Similar to 1253 but off-white like the computers it was bundled with.
 +
* CD32 mouse.
 +
* Amiga Technologies Mouse. A different design branded by Amiga Technologies who had bought Commodore assets after [[Commodore]] had folded.
 +
 
 +
<!--
 +
Full collection at:
 +
http://scacom.bplaced.net/Collection/maus/maus.php
 +
-->
  
−
==Gallery==
+
==See also==
−
===Amiga 2000 Mitsumi variant===
+
* [[Atari interface]] — Every Amiga had two of these ''Controller ports'' for mouse and joystick/s.
−
<gallery widths=250 heights=167>
+
* [[Atari ST]] — This computer was the Amiga's biggest competitor at the time.
−
File:Amiga_2000_Mitsumi_top.jpg|Top view
 
−
File:Amiga_2000_Mitsumi_bottom.jpg|Bottom view
 
−
File:Amiga_2000_Mitsumi_profile.jpg|Side profile
 
−
File:Amiga_2000_Mitsumi_switches.jpg|Key mounts and stems
 
−
File:Amiga_2000_Mitsumi_caps_lock.jpg|Caps lock switch
 
−
File:Amiga_2000_Mitsumi_open.jpg|Without case
 
−
File:Amiga_2000_Mitsumi_PCB.jpg|PCB
 
−
File:Amiga_2000_Mitsumi_controller.jpg|Controller
 
−
</gallery>
 
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
−
<references/>
+
<references>
−
 
+
<ref name="pinouts">[http://l8r.net/technical/t-keyboard.shtml Amiga Keyboard Pinouts] on l8r.net. Retrieved on 2018-01-04</ref>
−
== See also ==
+
</references>
−
== External links ==
 
  
−
[[Category:Computers with notable keyboards]]
 
−
[[Category:List of all keyboards]]
 
 
[[Category:Commodore keyboards]]
 
[[Category:Commodore keyboards]]
 +
[[Category:Computers]]
 
[[Category:Keyboards with Cherry MX switches]]
 
[[Category:Keyboards with Cherry MX switches]]
 
[[Category:Keyboards with Mitsumi switches]]
 
[[Category:Keyboards with Mitsumi switches]]
 
[[Category:Keyboards with NMB switches]]
 
[[Category:Keyboards with NMB switches]]
 
[[Category:Vintage keyboards]]
 
[[Category:Vintage keyboards]]
 +
[[Category:List of all keyboards]]

Revision as of 18:04, 18 February 2021

Template icon--Illustration.png This article requires additional photographic illustration
Commodore-Amiga, Inc.
Former type Subsidiary
Industry Computer hardware
Founded 1985
Defunct 1994
Headquarters West Chester, PA, United States
Key people Irving Gould (Chairman),
Mehdi Ali (President)
Parent Commodore Business Machines

The Commodore Amiga is a computing platform, introduced by Commodore in 1985 after it had purchased Amiga Inc.

The classic Amiga used the Motorola MC680x0 family of processors and a custom chip set which gave it good graphics and sound capabilities (for the time) at a low cost. Its proprietary operating system had a windowing system and was one of the first for home computers to have preemptive multitasking. It was considered before its time when it arrived but much behind when Commodore folded in 1994.

The platform still has a small but very dedicated user community which has produced different expansions, emulators and follow-up systems. This is an input device wiki, so the focus of this article is on Amiga keyboards and mice.

Common features of Amiga keyboards

  • What makes the Amiga keyboard layout stand out the most are the two Amiga keys at each end of the space bar. The right is used for command shortcuts and the left for the windowing-system.
  • ANSI Amiga keyboards have a backwards-L ("Big-Ass") Return key where as ISO keyboards have a vertical Return key. Compared to PC keyboards, ISO has not one but two additional keys: one next to left Shift and one next to a vertical Return key. All variations have a small Backspace key.
  • The layout has both a Ctrl key and a Caps Lock key to the left of 'A' on the home row. Unlike the PC the (only) Ctrl key is seldom used in GUI based programs and is used mainly in terminal emulators, the command console and Micro Emacs which was included.
  • The Caps Lock key has a LED in it to indicate Caps mode. This is the only keyboard LED. On computers with LEDs in the top/right corner or on the right near the keyboard, those LEDs are actually for power and FDD and (on Amiga 600 and 1200) HDD activity, and are on separate circuits.
  • There are Cursor keys, with Del and Help keys above them. Shift+cursor is used to move the cursor to beginning of line, end of line, page up and page down, so special navigation keys for those tasks are not needed. Text selection using the keyboard is typically modal, initiated with the key combination Amiga-B and ended with Amiga-X (Cut) or Amiga-C (Copy).
  • There are two Alt keys, both functioning as second-level Shift (like the Alt Gr key on PC, or the Option key on Macintosh), on the bottom left and bottom right corners of the main typing area.
  • All Amiga keyboards except the one in the Amiga 600 have a numeric keypad. Starting with the Amiga 2000, the numpad also has +, *, /, as well as left and right brackets. The added keys, different layout and side printed legends make it more compatible with the layout in the common IBM Enhanced Keyboard, which was relevant for PC emulation.

External Amiga keyboards

Most external Amiga keyboards have been found with tactile switches. The exceptions are the Cherry-made versions that instead have linear Cherry MX Black.

Amiga 1000

Main article: Commodore Amiga 1000

This keyboard is more compact than later models and it fits in a dedicated storage area under the desktop computer's case. The cursor keys are in a star configuration instead of an inverse-T as on later models.

Amiga 2000

Main article: Commodore Amiga 2000

Three variants have been identified:

  1. With Cherry MX Black
  2. With tactile NMB switches
  3. With tactile KPQ type Mitsumi hybrid switches.

Amiga 1500, Amiga 2500

Late variations of the Amiga 2000.

Amiga 3000 (T)

Main article: Commodore Amiga 3000

External. Linear KPR no sleeves, spring only or Tactile KPQ type Mitsumi hybrid switches with rubber sleeves under the keycaps. The keyboard case had been updated with stripes on top reminding of the cooling vents on the Amiga 500.

The connector is the same DIN-plug as for the Amiga 2000.

CDTV

Main article: Commodore CDTV

Basically a black version of the Amiga 3000 keyboard, but with a mini-DIN connector using a custom pinout.

Amiga 4000 (T)

Similar to the Amiga 3000 keyboard. The case is white (not beige) and has (yet) another connector.

The connector is a 6-pin mini-DIN with pin-out: 1:Data, 3:Ground, 4:+5V, 5:Clock. Pins 2 and 6 are not connected.[2]

Amiga CD32

Anthracite case and keys with black modifiers, plus the "Amiga CD32" logo.[3]

The connector is the same 6-pin mini-DIN as for the Amiga 4000, except that the keyboard port also doubles as a serial port. Pins 2 and 6 are used for RS-232 transmit and receive, respectively.[2]

Integrated Amiga keyboards

These are inside the computer's case above the logic-board. Where as most external Amiga keyboards have tactile feel, most integrated Amiga keyboards have linear feel.

Amiga 500 keyboards have Power and FDD activity LEDs on a circuit board together with the keyboard controller in the keyboard assembly. Inside the Amiga 600 and 1200, the controller is instead on the main logic-board and Power, FDD and HD activity LEDs are on a separate board.

Amiga 500 (+)

Main article: Commodore Amiga 500
Early Amiga 500 keyboard

Like the Amiga 2000, the Amiga 500 has also come in multiple revisions.

Early models have Hi-Tek Series 725 "Space Invader" switches like the Amiga 2000 keyboard.[4]

Most Amiga 500s have linear KPR type Mitsumi hybrid switches with coiled springs under the keycaps.

Amiga 1200

Main article: Commodore Amiga 1200

Linear KPR type Mitsumi hybrid switches with coiled springs under the keycaps. The membrane extends as a ribbon cable to a connector on the main logic board where the controller is located.

Amiga 600

More compact layout that omitted the numeric keypad. The cursor keys and the Help and Del keys have moved left and the Esc key is 1.25 units wide.

The Amiga 600 is believed to have mostly linear Mitsumi hybrid switches[5] as is common with most Amiga keyboards though at last one sample has been found using what appears to be a variant of NMB dome with slider, this time with the discrete domes not glued to the membrane sheet.[6]

Replacement keyboards

New-old-Stock

New-old-stock replacement Amiga 1200 keyboards have been available from e.g. AmigaKit.

A1200.net

Aftermarket keycaps and cases for the Commodore Amiga 500 and 1200 cases have been made by A1200.NET and offered primarily in crowdfunding campaigns. Cases have been improved to better suit aftermarket mods. Both cases and keycaps have been offered in several other colour options than the original, including black with white letters.

Kipper2K

The Kipper2K from Amiga On The Lake is a replacement keyboard kit with Cherry MX Brown switches. Prototypes shown have lacked stabilisers for the longer keys, instead using additional switches for the Space Bar. There are different versions for Amiga 500] and a [Amiga 1200].

Conversion kits

It was not unusual to convert an Amiga 500 into a desktop or tower form factor with external keyboard. The keyboard had a serial cable to header pins on the motherboard making this possible. Several kits were made and sold for this purpose.

The Checkmate A1500 was one such conversion kit sold in the UK. Commodore released the Amiga 1500 to prevent the cheaper Amiga 500 with Checkmate's kit from taking sales from the Amiga 2000. In 2019, Checkmate released a follow-up: the Checkmate A1500 plus, with an option for an external keyboard case in sheet metal.

The Infinitiv kit from Micronik, converts instead an Amiga 1200 into a minitower system with an external keyboard enclosure.

Other Amiga keyboards

The AmigaOne platform supports common PS/2 keyboards and mice.

Keyboard interface

All Commodore Amiga keyboards use the same serial protocol, but there are different connectors and pinouts. Several third-party adaptors between different Amiga connectors have been produced. Note that the Commodore CDTV keyboard pinout is special, and not compatible with the Amiga 4000 even though both have mini-DIN.

The Amiga 500 has a serial cable connected to the motherboard and can be adapted or rebuilt to use an external keyboard. The Amiga 1200 and 600 have serial communication only between components on the motherboard so any adaptor would have to be a controller or emulate a matrix, respectively.

Keyboard adapters

Other keyboard to Amiga

  • The Lyra is a converter that allows a PS/2 keyboard to be connected to an Amiga. There is a version for the Amiga 1200 and a version for Amiga 2000/3000/4000/CDTV/CD32.
  • The PC-Key is an interface device for the Amiga 1200 and 600, allowing them to use an external Amiga keyboard or a PS/2 keyboard.
  • The Sum adapter enables connecting a USB HID keyboard to the Amiga 1200.

Amiga keyboards to USB

The options below require more or less hacking.

  • The Keyrah is a controller that replaces the motherboard in the Amiga 600 and 1200 (also the Vic 20, Vic 64 and 128). It has two digital joystick ports and USB out. Joysticks are emulated as key presses.
  • Tynemouth Software has different adapter boards for installation into Amiga 1200/600 and 500 enclosures.
  • AMIGA 500/1000/2000 Keyboard Interface. Firmware for an Arduino Leonardo, allowing an external Amiga keyboard to be connected via USB to a modern computer.
  • EzHID Amiga Keyboard Firmware for the Cypress' EZ-USB (AN2131) chip. The firmware has support for other input devices.

Controller ports

All Amiga models came with two Commodore 64-compatible DE-9 controller ports. In addition to support for light pen and various game controllers, there was also dedicated hardware for a bus mouse in each port.

File:Amiga Mouse.jpg
Original "tank" mouse supplied with the Amiga 1000 and later the Amiga 500 and 2000

A two-button ball mouse was included as standard with every Amiga running AmigaOS, for its graphical user interface. Amiga Unix, the Amiga 3000UX mouse and some third-party mice used a third mouse button. A second Amiga mouse is used only in some two-player games, but the second port's circuitry could also be used for rotary controllers such as steering wheels.

Mouse usage

If the right mouse button is pressed a menu bar appears at the top of the screen. A menu item is selected by releasing the right button when hovering the pointer above it. Releasing the mouse button elsewhere cancels.

Third-party utilities were available that replaced (or complimented) the menu bar with a pop-up menu underneath the mouse pointer.

After having booted into AmigaOS, it supported mouse keys as combinations with the two Amiga keys.

Aftermarket mice in the late '90s added a scroll wheel and up to three more buttons.

Mouse models

  • "Tank mouse" (Amiga 1000, 2000, 500). version 1: 1352. Similar to 1350 and 1351 for the Commodore 64 but being a bus mouse delivering pulse trains directly on the port.
  • Tank mouse version 2: 313254-01
  • Amiga 3000 "pregnant" mouse. Ridge at edges between buttons.. [7]
  • Amiga 3000 UX mouse. This has three buttons for use with Amiga Unix.[7]
  • Wireless infrared CDTV mouse. "CD 1252".[8]
  • Wired CDTV mouse, 1253. Apparently inspired by the 1987 Microsoft mouse: the ball has moved forward and the buttons are larger.[8]
  • Amiga 600/1200/4000 mouse. Similar to 1253 but off-white like the computers it was bundled with.
  • CD32 mouse.
  • Amiga Technologies Mouse. A different design branded by Amiga Technologies who had bought Commodore assets after Commodore had folded.


See also

  • Atari interface — Every Amiga had two of these Controller ports for mouse and joystick/s.
  • Atari ST — This computer was the Amiga's biggest competitor at the time.

References

  1. ↑ AmigaOS 3.5 Developer Docs — Amiga Hardware Reference Manual: Interface hardware: The Keyboard: Limitations of the Keyboard. Retrieved 2018-04-18.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Amiga Keyboard Pinouts on l8r.net. Retrieved on 2018-01-04
  3. ↑ Amiga.org — Is there a genuine CD32 keyboard?
  4. ↑ Amibay — Help Key and white "space invaders" switch
  5. ↑ Eski Bilgisayarlarım — Amiga 600
  6. ↑ ExRetro.com — Disassembly of an A600 keyboard, UK model
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Zimmers.net—Commodore/Amiga A3000 "Pregnant" Mice. Retrieved 2018-07-13
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Zimmers.net—Commodore 1252 & 1253 Mice. Retrieved 2018-07-13
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